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Home Remodeling Highland IL

The Best Home Remodeling Company in Highland, Illinois

Those who live in Highland, Illinois have always turned to L & D Wilson’s for their home remodeling contract needs. We offer services for all roofing, siding, and window repair and installation. L& D Wilson’s has been owned and operated for over 40 years and has the best materials in the business. Our materials come in a variety of colors and finishes to choose from allowing for a fun and creative experience. Call L & D Wilson’s for all your exterior home improvement repairs, installations, and inspections.
Roofing Repairs Highland IL

L & D Wilson’s Siding and Roofing has been serving the Highland, Illinois area for over 40 years and our job is to make sure that all your exterior contracting needs! We carry the highest quality materials in our catalog and have something for every budget and style. Call us at L & D Wilson’s in Highland, Illinois and we will be happy to help you with your home improvement project!

Siding

We know that siding does not last forever, but that does not mean it should not be durable. That is why at L & D Wilson’s Siding and Roofing, we offer the best materials in the trade, as well as ensure that your home will have maximum durability through our cold and impact testing, before using it for our clients. Our services also come with warranty packages that can be selected upon by our customer. Call L & D Wilson’s in Highland, Illinois to speak with a representative!

Roofing

At L & D Wilson’s in Highland, Illinois, we can install and repair any roof with top of the line materials of your choice. Our company was given the highest honor of CertainTeed’s Select ShingleMaster. With this honor, we can provide our customers with top of the line products including CertainTeed’s Landmark series. These are the most desirable type of shingles because of their lifespan and durability. These are perfect for new construction homes or if you are in the market for getting a new roof placed on your home.

Windows

Making sure that your home has maximum energy efficiency starts with your windows. Lower the cost of your monthly bills and regulate your homes temperature by investing in L & D Wilson’s window installation services. We offer an array of window options that increase energy efficiency, do not require a lot of maintenance, and add charm to your home at an economical value. If this sounds like you, come and visit L & D Wilson’s Siding and Roofing Inc. in Highland, Illinois to get started!

Awning Installation in Highland, Illinois

Awning Highland IL

Give yourself the space you have always wanted by investing and installing an awning to your back patio or deck. At L & D Wilson’s  in Highland, Illinois, we believe that a new awning can completely transform an outdoor living space. We have motorized and manual retractable awnings that come in a variety of materials, colors, and sizes. This allows for your creativity to shine through when creating your desired outdoor living space, perfect for entertaining or for some quiet time. Give yourself the space you have always wanted by investing and installing an awning to your back patio or deck. Call L & D Wilson’s in Highland, Illinois, today!

Our Services Include:

  • Roofing Repair
  • Roofing Construction
  • Roofing Replacement
  • Roofing Inspections
  • Siding Installation
  • Siding Repair
  • Soffit & Fascia Repair & Installation
  • Roofing Construction
  • Roofing Replacement
  • Roofing Inspections
  • Siding Installation
  • More!

Why L & D Wilson’s Is The Best In Highland, Illinois

Let our clients speak for us. Below are some reviews of some of our many satisfied clients. We ask that if you have experienced our services that you also leave a review! There is always room for growth. See why the Highland, Illinois community keeps coming back to us! We offer the best roofing, siding, window, and awning installation in the metro-east area! See for yourself by calling or visiting up today!

  • Jacob Berkel

    Did a great job on my roof. Very professional. Excellent workmanship.

  • Jeffrey And Kathleen Ory

    Thank you L&D Siding for a wonderful Sunsetter Awning. The installation was great and your crew were quick and friendly, tremendous workmanship. We love our new awning and the installation.

  • Jana S.

    Quality work and excellent service from the entire team! Thank you for getting the job done quickly and correctly. You can't go wrong w/ L & D Wilson's.

  • Brian & Corinne S.

    Joe is incredibly easy to work with, John is incredibly talented, Gayland is incredibly gracious and the job they completed on our sweet cottage at Carlyle Lake is simply incredible! Cannot wait to have them back out to side the garage!!!

  • Angie H.

    They replaced the siding on my mom's house and did a fantastic job! This company provides greats service and completes the job on time. Everyone was very professional and polite. GREAT JOB!!!

  • Molly J.

    Working with L&D Wilson was a great experience from the good bid to the beautiful finished product. They removed my existing shingles, disposed of them, and replaced the entire roof quickly and efficiently without disturbing the regular household activity. The job was done much quicker and cleaner than I had anticipated!

  • Jason B.

    Professional estimator and the guys did a great job – looks awesome. I will be calling back later for a Sunsetter awning.

  • Moe A.

    Joe and John’s crew went above and beyond on fixing the detached garage and siding it. Removed a door, installed a new door, window, and a new section of guttering on the house. Awesome people to work with, fast turnaround, and cleaned up the mess. Thanks to everyone involved

We provide the best service and materials in the business and want to make sure your home stays happy and healthy to keep you and your belongings safe. If shingles are falling or you are experiencing outside items inside your home, please give the team at L & D Wilson’s in Highland, Illinois a call.  Get started with an inspection today!

Finding The Right Roofing Contractor

contractor roofing services

To begin repairing or replacing the roof of your home or business, it is crucial to find a trustworthy roofing contractor. At L & D Wilson Siding & Roofing, we prioritize carefully selecting contractors who are committed to providing excellent workmanship, exceptional customer service, and dependable consistency. Our contractors are held to a stringent set of requirements, including:

  • Holding all essential local and state licenses.
  • Maintaining a minimum of $1,000,000 in general liability insurance.
  • Undergoing evaluations to ensure their customer service and financial stability.

DIY vs. Experienced Roofers

Putting up or fixing a roof for your home is a substantial undertaking that demands significant time and monetary resources. This makes it essential to enlist the help of a proficient and trustworthy roofing contractor who possesses a comprehensive understanding of the entire roofing procedure, guaranteeing a seamless and hassle-free experience. In addition, we provide multiple warranty choices that guarantee our contractors’ work will extend the longevity of your roof for numerous years.

Opting to handle roof repair or replacement as a DIY project may expose you to potential construction and safety hazards. For this reason, it is strongly advised to hire the expertise of a roofing specialist to guarantee a correct and efficient job.

roofing repair expert

Questions to Ask Your Roofing Contractor

Relying solely on recommendations when selecting a roofing contractor may not be the most efficient approach. To assist you in making an informed decision, we have compiled a list of essential questions to ask any potential roofing contractor before enlisting their services for your roofing project.

Ensuring that the roofing contractor you intend to hire has insurance is crucial to protect your home from potential damage. At L&D Wilson Siding & Roofing, we prioritize the safety and protection of your home or business. Our contractors carry general liability insurance with a minimum coverage of $1,000,000. This coverage protects both parties in the event of any accidents, giving you peace of mind that your roofing project is in safe hands.

It is critical to inquire about any additional warranties and workmanship coverage that the contractor offers. At L&D Wilson Siding & Roofing, we understand the importance of roofing warranties in safeguarding your investment. We provide various roofing warranties that cover both material and workmanship, with some options offering coverage for the roof’s entire lifespan. Our team ensures that you can have confidence in our reliable and long-lasting roofing solutions.

Your roofing contractor should have a comprehensive understanding of and comply with all building codes, including local regulations.

It is important to find out if the contractor will provide you with a written estimate that includes a detailed description of the work to be performed, as well as any subcontracted work.

  1. The roofing contractor you plan to hire should conduct a thorough examination of your entire roofing system, not just inspect for storm damage. This includes checking the deck, attic, flashings, chimney, soil stacks, and other areas of your roof for any potential damage.

Water and Ice Barriers for Your Roof

ice barrier awning installation

Advancements in roofing systems have brought about significant changes in recent years. As a crucial component of any home or business, a roofing system consists of several parts. While roof shingles are the most apparent part, other vital layers, such as ventilation, insulation, underlayment, and ice and water barriers, are equally important. These components work together to ensure the efficient operation of your roof. For instance, ice and water underlayment products applied to the roof deck act as a waterproof barrier that prevents moisture from penetrating the roof.

Preventing Water from Reaching the Roof Deck

The roofing systems available in today’s market have resulted from years of innovation. While roof shingles may be the most visible component, a roofing system comprises several layers and parts that work together to protect your home or business. Along with shingles, these layers include ice and water barriers, ventilation, insulation, and underlayment. Each of these elements is vital in ensuring the efficiency of your roofing system. For example, ice and water underlayment products applied to the roof deck serve as a waterproof barrier, preventing moisture from infiltrating your roof.

water barrier roofing services
roof leaks and clogged gutters

Roof Leaks

Your roof may develop leaks due to various factors, such as:

  • Ice dams: When melting snow refreezes over the eaves, it can form ice dams that obstruct the gutter, causing water to accumulate on the roof. This can lead to water seeping under the shingles and causing leaks.
  • High winds: Strong winds can lift the shingle edges, creating gaps that allow rainwater to penetrate around the nails and soak the roof deck.
  • Clogged gutters: If your gutters are clogged, water may overflow and seep into your home’s foundation. Additionally, water pooling in gutters can infiltrate under the shingles and travel through the fascia, causing damage to interior walls.

What are Ice and Water Barriers?

To prevent water leakage into your home, it is advisable to use a water and ice barrier underlayment beneath your roof shingles. This barrier attaches directly to the roof decking, creating a secure seal around nails and effectively preventing moisture infiltration. You can use these barriers in several areas of your roof to provide added protection:

  • Entire Roof Surface: Using a waterproof barrier across the entire surface of your roof, especially if you live in an area with heavy rainfall, can protect your home from water infiltration until proper repairs can be made. It is particularly important if your home is susceptible to losing shingles during storms.
  • Roof Penetrations: Whenever you cut into your roof’s decking, it creates an opening for water to enter. By having a barrier around skylights, vents, and chimneys, you can seal off gaps around highly vulnerable areas of your roof.
  • Eaves: The edges of your roof, known as eaves, are exposed, and wind can lift the tips of shingles, allowing water onto your roof deck and into your home. Using a barrier in these areas can prevent water infiltration.
  • Valleys: Roofs have valleys and peaks, depending on their architectural design. Rain trickles down from the roof and collects in the valleys before flowing into the gutters. Using ice and water underlayments in these areas can safeguard your home by forming a waterproof barrier and providing a reliable defense against snow, ice, and heavy rain.
water barriers and awning installation

Ice Dams 101

When the temperatures drop below freezing and there is heat loss from the attic and snow on the roof, ice dams can form. The extent of the problem increases with decreasing temperatures and snow accumulation.

ice dams and home improvement
  1. Snow collects on the roof.
  2. The heat from the attic transfers to the roof and melts the snow.
  3. Melted water runs down the surface of the roof.
  4. Once it reaches the eaves, it freezes again and forms an ice dam.
  5. Any further snow melting can pool up behind the ice dam, leading to a buildup of water.

To avoid the formation of ice dams on your roof, it is vital to address the root causes discussed earlier. Nevertheless, if you are currently struggling with ice dams, it is advisable to seek assistance from a reputable roofing company.

Synthetic VS Felt Roofing Underlayment

Despite the commonly observed roofing materials such as shingles or metal sheets, there is an important protective layer located beneath the surface that plays a crucial role in protecting your home from moisture and potential harm.

Roofing Underlayment: What is it?

When it comes to roofing, people tend to focus on the visible components like shingles or metal sheets. However, there is another crucial layer of protection located just above the roof deck and beneath the roof coverings, which plays a significant role in safeguarding your home against moisture and damage. This layer may go unnoticed by most individuals.

There are two commonly used materials for underlayment:

  • Felt
  • Synthetic

The advantages and disadvantages of each roofing material will vary. When selecting a roofing product, there are multiple factors to consider, including the type of material, roof design, budget, and recommendations from your roofing contractor.

roofing and home remodeling

Synthetic Roofing Underlayment

Roofers often choose synthetic roofing underlayment as it can provide better protection against the elements. This type of underlayment is typically made of sturdy polymers that offer increased durability and strength, resulting in enhanced water resistance. Synthetic underlayment is generally more effective than felt in preventing moisture and other environmental hazards when properly installed.

Pros

Synthetic roofing underlayment has several advantages, including: 

  • Durability: Synthetic underlayment is highly durable, resistant to tearing, and can withstand extended exposure to moisture and UV radiation. Additionally, it can withstand foot traffic during installation. 
  • Lightweight: Synthetic underlayment is up to four times lighter than other types of underlayment. 
  • Safety: Synthetic underlayment is designed with slip-resistant surfaces to enhance walkability. It is typically marked with fastener indicators and overlay guides to ensure accurate and consistent installation.
  • Moisture Resistance: Synthetic underlayment is designed to repel water, preventing moisture from entering the home and causing damage such as mold or water leaks.

Cons

  • Despite the higher cost compared to felt underlayment, synthetic roofing underlayments are often recommended by contractors as a wise investment in high-quality roofing materials. Although the initial expense may be greater, the increased durability, moisture resistance, and safety features of synthetic underlayment can offer long-term reassurance.

Felt Roofing Underlayment

For many years, felt roofing has been a popular traditional method for underlying roofs. It typically consists of a blend of paper or fiberglass mats with asphalt. Felt underlayment is available in two common types: No. 15 felt, and No. 30 felt. No. 30 felt is usually thicker, more durable, and less prone to damage during installation or harsh weather conditions than No. 15 felt.

Pros

Homeowners who are working with a limited budget can benefit from using felt roofing underlayment, as it is generally less costly than synthetic underlayment options.

Cons

Although felt underlayment has some advantages, it also has several drawbacks. One significant disadvantage is that it cannot withstand exposure to the elements for an extended period since it may dry out or release oils in the heat, reducing its ability to safeguard against moisture. Furthermore, other disadvantages of felt underlayment include:

  • Slippery Surface: The slippery surface of felt underlayment can pose a challenge during installation for roofing contractors.
  • Prone to Tearing: Felt underlayment is susceptible to tearing, which can occur during high winds or the installation process, potentially leading to future issues.
  • Sensitivity to Water: Felt underlayment is sensitive to water and can wrinkle if exposed to moisture, causing shingles to not lay flat. This is why it is crucial to have shingles installed over the underlayment as soon as it is installed.
  • Heavy Material: Felt underlayment is heavier than synthetic alternatives, making it challenging for contractors to carry rolls up a ladder and onto the roof.

When choosing a roofing material, it’s important to consider both the advantages and disadvantages. At L & D Wilson Siding & Roofing, our professional contractors can provide guidance on selecting the most suitable underlayment for your residential or commercial roof.

Roofing & Attic Ventilation

attic ventilation home improvement

Proper ventilation of your roof is vital for the health and longevity of your home, although you may not initially consider it. Adequate ventilation in your attic can help extend the lifespan of your roofing system and ensure your family’s comfort.

How Does Attic Ventilation Work?

Adequate ventilation in an unfinished attic can be achieved by positioning exhaust vents at the peak and intake vents along the soffits. This arrangement allows for consistent airflow throughout the attic, with cool outdoor air entering through the soffit vents and warm, humid air exiting through the roof ridge vents.

What Does Improper Ventilation Look Like?

If you suspect that your attic is not well-ventilated, there are several indicators to look out for, such as:

  • Shingles and roofline have a wavy or rippled appearance.
  • During colder months, there is an increase in ice buildup on the roof’s edge.
  • More frequent HVAC repairs, as the equipment is under more strain and working harder.
  • Higher energy bills due to damp attic insulation becoming less efficient.
  • Household members experiencing more allergies or respiratory illnesses, potentially caused by mold growth in the attic due to excess moisture, resulting in the spread of fungi spores.

Winter Siding Tips

Winter weather conditions such as sleet, ice, and snow are not only unpleasant to endure, but they can also cause damage to the exterior of homes.

Fiber Siding

Maintaining the curb appeal of your fiber cement siding throughout the year requires some upkeep. Although this siding material is known for its durability and resistance to weather, following these tips can help keep it in top condition:

  • Proper Installation and Maintenance: The proper installation and maintenance of fiber cement siding are crucial to ensure its durability and uphold the manufacturer’s warranty. It is recommended to hire skilled professionals, such as our team at L & D Wilson Siding & Roofing, for this purpose.
  • Regular Painting: Although fiber cement siding lasts longer than wood, it still needs a fresh coat of paint every 10-15 years to maintain its appearance. It is advisable to use high-quality paint to achieve long-lasting results.
  • Annual Cleaning: To maintain the curb appeal of your home, it is important to clean your fiber cement siding gently using soap and a garden hose. This should be done annually, especially after harsh winter months, to remove dirt, dust, and mold.
fiber siding repair services

Vinyl Siding

Homeowners appreciate vinyl siding because it requires little maintenance. However, there are still steps you can take to keep it in excellent condition:

vinyl siding installation
  • Spring Installation: Installing vinyl siding during warmer spring weather is ideal, as cold temperatures can cause the material to expand, leading to cracks and buckling. The best temperature range for installation is between 50-60 degrees Fahrenheit.
  • Regular Cleaning: Rinse your vinyl siding once or twice a year to maintain your home’s curb appeal and prevent the buildup of fungus, dust, grime, or mildew.
  • Avoid Painting: Painting vinyl siding is not recommended as it may result in poor outcomes and even damage the material. If you notice that your vinyl siding has faded or discolored, replacing it with new siding in a color that you love is the best solution for maintaining your home’s curb appeal.
  • Protect Against Damage: Vinyl siding is susceptible to damage from branches, debris, and strong cleaning agents. It’s crucial to take the necessary steps to protect it from such harm.

Proper installation and maintenance of the siding of your home or business is crucial, no matter what type of siding material you choose. It is strongly advised that you engage a professional siding installation team to guarantee the job is performed correctly.

Does Your Siding Need to Be Replaced?

The siding of your home is a vital component that safeguards it from the elements, keeps your energy costs low, and enhances its curb appeal. When the siding fails to perform its function effectively, it can create unnecessary stress.

Although regular maintenance of your siding may seem daunting, it doesn’t have to be. At L & D Wilson Siding & Roofing, we know that replacing your siding is one of the largest investments you will ever make. That’s why we offer expert and professional siding installation services to Highland, IL, and neighboring communities. If you observe any of the following warning signs on your home’s siding, it could be a strong indication that you need our team to replace it as soon as possible.

siding repair and replacement
new siding installation after rottting

Visible Rot

If you observe rot on your home’s siding, it’s a clear sign that there’s a problem. Rot weakens the siding and can spread rapidly. If you notice signs of crumbling or rotting on your siding, you should contact our team immediately. If we catch it early enough, we may be able to repair the siding, but in some cases, a complete siding replacement may be necessary.

Energy Bill Increases

An increase in your energy bill could indicate poor insulation in your home, but it may also be caused by damaged siding. Holes and cracks in your siding can cause your bills to rise, and repairing them may help. However, replacing your current siding with high-insulation siding can also improve the energy efficiency of your home, leading to lower energy bills.

Loose or Cracked Planks

Loose or cracked siding panels can be a result of wind, hail, snow, branches, or other forms of damage, which is quite common. However, leaving it unaddressed can make your home vulnerable to pests and moisture. Our team at L & D Wilson Siding & Roofing understands the importance of timely repairs and can help you fix any damages to your siding panels.

Faded Color

In addition to being visually unattractive, when the color on your siding begins to fade, it is an indication that it needs to be replaced. By having a professional siding contractor replace your siding with new, vibrant colors, not only will it impress your neighbors, but it will also enhance the value of your home.

cracked siding repair

Window Efficiency Ratings of Replacement Windows

When contemplating the installation of new windows in your home, you may encounter an abundance of features and terminologies related to energy efficiency. This complexity can be overwhelming, which is why we have created a guide to explain these terms more clearly, enabling you to choose the windows that best fit your requirements.

What are the Differences Between Energy Star & NFRC?

new window specialists

NFRC Label

The National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) is an impartial non-profit organization that produces unbiased energy performance ratings, enabling consumers to make well-informed decisions about their replacement windows.

Energy Star Ratings

The Energy Star program, jointly operated by the United States Department of Energy and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, certifies products that meet government standards for efficiency. Products bearing the Energy Star label must provide effective insulation and prevent heat from passing through the glass.

Energy Efficiency Ratings

As you compare various windows, you will encounter different energy-related phrases in the product descriptions or on the NFRC label. Below are some of the most frequently used terms and their potential advantages for your home.

U-Factor or Transfer Coefficient

The U-Factor rating measures a window’s capacity to function as an insulator between the interior of your home and the outdoors. Factors such as low-emissivity coatings on the glass can enhance a window’s U-Factor rating. The longer it takes for heat to transfer through your window, the more efficient your home will be. This is due to the fact that you will not lose treated air to the outdoors as rapidly as you may have before. As a result, your home will remain comfortable, and your energy expenses may decrease.

What to Look For: Low Numbers

window energy efficiency
solar heat gain coefficient window

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient

The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) measures a window’s ability to prevent solar heat from entering your home. If you reside in a region with ample sunlight, a lower SHGC rating implies that your air conditioning system will not have to work as much to maintain a comfortable indoor temperature. Conversely, if you live in a shady area, a higher SHGC rating can provide more warmth indoors by allowing sunlight to pass through the window.

What to Look For: Lower numbers for those in sunnier areas, higher for those in colder/shaded areas.

Visible Transmittance

The VT rating, which stands for Visible Transmittance, measures the amount of natural light that can pass through the window glass. This rating is not linked to the window’s ability to transfer heat, but it does influence the brightness of your living space. With the advancements in glazing technology, it is feasible to have more sunlight indoors without increasing solar heat gain. This can be advantageous if you appreciate natural lighting, as it allows you to benefit from more daylight while reducing your electricity usage by minimizing the need for artificial lighting.

What to Look For: High numbers

solar heat reduction window specialists
window condensation

Air Leakage

The measurement indicates the amount of air that can pass through the window frame. If you are worried about drafts in your home, it is important to choose a window with a low air leakage number to minimize drafts and decrease your utility expenses.

What to Look For: Low Numbers

Condensation

The measurement pertains to the window’s ability to prevent condensation, and it differs from other NFRC ratings as it is not mandatory. Manufacturers may not always include this number in their product descriptions. If your home experiences condensation problems, having windows that can combat this issue may be a beneficial remedy.

What to Look For: High Numbers

Common Window Replacement Terms

If you’re looking to buy a window replacement, you may encounter several different terms that can be overwhelming. To assist you in better comprehending your window buying experience, we’ve compiled a list of additional terms that you might come across.

Glass Terms

  • Panes: The glass piece that sits inside the window’s sash. Panes have several options, such as:
    • Single Pane: A window with only one sheet of glass.
    • Double Pane: A window with two sheets of glass with insulating gas in between. It is a popular type for new windows today.
    • Triple Pane: A window with three sheets of glass, with insulating gas in between them.
  • Spaces: These are used to create gaps between the glass sheets in double or triple-pane windows. They are made from either plastic or metal and provide consistent spacing between the panes.
  • Glazing: This term refers to the complete window glass system, including the coating, sealant, and spacers.
  • Glass Size: This is the overall dimension of the window glass, including the visible pane and the portion installed within the pane.
  • Laminated Glass: This type of glass is made by fusing two sheets, reducing the likelihood of shattering upon impact.
  • Tempered Glass: This glass is produced through rapid heating and cooling, resulting in higher strength and fewer jagged fragments when broken.
  • Wire Glass: This glass incorporates wire during the manufacturing process, making it less likely to fall out of the sash if broken, and therefore safer.

Frame Terms

Windows consist of different components that contribute to their overall functionality.

  • Apron (Also known as Sill Extender): This is the trim affixed to the interior windowsill that extends to the wall beneath it.
  • Casing: The area between the wall and the window frame, covered with casing or molding, is known as the casing.
  • Head: The uppermost section of the window frame is referred to as the head.
  • Jambs: The vertical sides of the frame are known as jambs.
  • Sash: This component securely holds the window’s glass in place.
  • Shims: Small wedges, referred to as shims, are used to fill any gaps between the casing and window.
  • Weep: Small holes present in the windowsill, known as weeps, are installed to direct water condensation away from the window’s interior and exterior.

Styles Terms

There is a range of replacement window styles available that can be customized to complement your home’s design. These styles can be combined to meet your specific needs.

  • Awning: These windows have a hinge at the top and open outward to create a shelter that stops rain from coming in.
  • Bay and Bow: These windows project outward from the wall. Bow windows have four or more glass units connected, while bay windows have three or more.
  • Casement: This style is trendy and opens horizontally, usually using a lever or crank system.
  • Egress: These windows are suitable for basements as they are designed and sized to provide an emergency escape route. • Fixed: This window type is designed to remain in place and does not open.
  • Glider/Slider: These windows slide from side to side to open.
  • Hung: Windows can have a single sash that opens (single-hung) or both sashes that can open upwards and downwards (double-hung).
  • Picture Window: A large, fixed window designed to offer an abundance of light and stunning views, but it cannot be opened.